New lead compounds in the search for pure antiglucocorticoids and the dissociation of antiglucocorticoid effects.

Antiglucocorticoids that act as antagonists at the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) level may be used to block or modulate the undesirable effects of glucocorticoid excess (from endogenous or exogenous origin). RU486 developed in the early 80s, is an antiglucocorticoid but also a potent antiprogestin and abortifacient, nevertheless it still remains as the only GR antagonist drug in the market. Further on, in view of the variety of physiological processes in which glucocorticoids are involved, selective antiglucocorticoids that can block only some of these processes (eventually with tissue specificity) would be highly desirable. The bridged pregnane 21-hydroxy-6,19-epoxyprogesterone, was developed as an alternative lead being an antagonist of the GR with no affinity for mineralocorticoid and progesterone receptors. Antagonistic activity was evidenced by partial blocking of dexamethasone induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and thymocyte apoptosis. Replacement of the oxygen bridge by a sulfur bridge gave a less bent, more flexible molecule. 21-Hydroxy-6,19-epithioprogesterone exhibited improved antiapoptotic activity on thymocytes but was not effective blocking TAT induction. This selectivity was improved further by oxidation to the sulfone. The sulfone but not the reduced compound also reverted the dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of NFkappaB activity in HeLa cells. Blocking of the apoptotic effect of TNFalpha by dexamethasone in the L929 cell line (mouse fibroblasts), was only reverted partially by the sulfone which exhibited a mild agonistic/antagonistic activity in this assay. None of these compounds showed antiprogestin activity. Similar overall molecular shapes but more lipophylic and with higher metabolic stability were obtained by introduction of a methylene bridge (6,19-methanoprogesterone) or by a direct bond between C-6 and C-19 (6,19-cycloprogesterone and its 21-hydroxy derivative). The latter highly bent steroids showed affinity for the GR. Recently we performed molecular dynamics simulations of GR-ligand complexes to investigate the molecular basis of the passive antagonism exhibited by 21-hydroxy-6,19-epoxyprogesterone. On the basis of our findings, we proposed that the passive antagonist mode of action of this antiglucocorticoid analog resides, at least in part, in the incapacity of GR-21-hydroxy-6,19-epoxyprogesterone complex to dimerize, making the complex unable to activate gene transcription.

MDCK cells express serotonin-regulable 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2.

Prior to this work, we found that adrenal as well as extra-adrenal factors activate the response of renal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 to stressful situations. These results -showing ways through which the organism hinders the pathological occupation of mineralocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoids leading to sodium retention and hypertension- prompted the present study on the nature of the above-mentioned extra-adrenal factors. Serotonin was chosen because of its properties as a widely distributed neurohormone, known to interact with glucocorticoids at many sites, also exhibiting increased levels and effects under stressful situations. We studied serotonin effects on 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity in a cell line derived from distal nephron polarized-epithelium, employing 3H-corticosterone as substrate. The end-product, 3H- 11 -dehydrocorticosterone was separated from the substrate by HPLC and quantified. Serotonin stimulated 1I beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity only at 2nM and 25pM, the magnitude of the response depending also on substrate concentration. The stimulation was blocked by the specific inhibitors methiothepin and ketanserin. We postulate that the organism partially prevents renal mineralocorticoid receptor occupancy by glucocorticoids, circulating at enhanced levels under stressful situations, through serotonin-mediated catabolic regulation of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity. Given many, mostly positive, interactions between both hormones, this might eventually pave the way to studies on a new regulatory axis.

6,19-Sulfur-bridged progesterone analogues with antiimmunosuppressive activity.

Sulfur-bridged pregnanes 6,19-epithioprogesterone, 21-hydroxy-6,19-epithioprogesterone, and the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones were synthesized and tested as blockers of the immunosuppresive activity of dexamethasone in rat thymocytes. A new one-pot procedure is described for the preparation of 6,19-epithioprogesterone and related compounds by iodocyclization of a 19-sulfanylpregn-5-ene. Antiimmunosuppresive activity was evaluated by the ability of the different steroids to block dexamethasone-mediated apoptosis in thymocytes and dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of the NFkappa-B transcription factor activity. DNA fragmentation and annexin V-FITC positive cells were taken as parameters of apoptosis whereas NFkappa-B activity was tested by the expression of the reporter vector kappaB-luciferase by TNF-alpha in Hela cells. 21-Hydroxy-6,19-epithioprogesterone S,S-dioxide had improved activity in both parameters, while 21-hydroxy-6,19-epithioprogesterone had improved activity only in blocking dexamethasone-induced programmed cell death.

Effect of salt acclimatization on 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase activity in the interrenal of Bufo arenarum.

In amphibians, aldosterone (Aldo) is particularly important in the regulation of Na(+) exchange by skin and urinary bladder. In previous works we studied a key enzyme in Aldo biosynthesis, the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 beta HSD/I), in the interrenals of Bufo arenarum. In those works a dual localization of the 3 beta HSD/I in both microsomes and mitochondria was described. The mitochondrial, but not the microsomal, enzyme prefers the immediate Aldo precursor, 3 beta-analogue of aldosterone, as substrate. In this order, the enzyme 3 beta HSD/I would be not only a key enzyme for the synthesis of Aldo but additionally, due to its microsomal and mitochondrial localization, a possible target for the regulation of Aldo biosynthesis. With this rationale in mind, we have used in vivo and in vitro approaches to study Aldo regulation. In the present investigation the levels of Aldo were determined in plasma of winter (W) and summer (S) toads subjected to different saline concentrations (0.125 and 0.15 M) or kept on wet land. Saline hyperosmotically treated toads had significantly lower levels than isoosmotically treated toads. These results are consistent with the response in mammals, in which salt loading provokes a reduction in Aldo secretion. In W toads, plasmatic corticosterone (B) concentration was higher than Aldo concentration, whereas in S toads, B/Aldo ratio approached unity. The reduction of Aldo levels after saline dehydration was due to a decline in its biosynthesis. K(m) and V(max) values for 3 beta HSD/I were calculated for mitochondrial and microsomal fractions obtained from animals acclimated to 0.15 M NaCl or kept on land. As previously described, V(max) differs between W and S toads. However, only mitochondrial V(max) changed as a consequence of saline adaptation, suggesting that the mitochondrial enzyme could be involved in the regulation of Aldo biosynthesis.

Modification of an essential amino group in the mineralocorticoid receptor evidences a differential conformational change of the receptor protein upon binding of antagonists, natural agonists and the synthetic agonist 11,19-oxidoprogesterone.

The alkylation of amino groups of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonate (TNBS) under controlled conditions modifies only one lysyl residue, which accounts for a 70% inhibition of steroid binding capacity. The Kd of aldosterone for MR is not affected by the treatment, but the total number of binding sites is greatly decreased. The modified receptor is capable of dynamically conserving its association with the hsp90-based heterocomplex. Importantly, the binding of natural agonists protects the hormone binding capacity of the MR from the inactivating action of alkylating agents. In contrast, antagonistic steroids are totally incapable of providing such protection. Like the antagonistic ligands, and despite its potent mineralocorticoid biological effect, the sole MR specific synthetic agonist known to date, 11,19-oxidoprogesterone (11-OP), shows no protective effect upon treatment of the MR with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or TNBS. Limited digestion of the MR with alpha-chymotrypsin generates a 34 kDa fragment, which becomes totally resistant to digestion upon binding of natural agonists, but not upon binding of antagonists. Interestingly, the synthetic 21-deoxypregnanesteroid 11-OP exhibits an intermediate pattern of proteolytic degradation, suggesting that the conformational change generated in the MR is not equivalent to that induced by antagonists or natural agonists. We conclude that in the first steps of activation, the MR changes its conformation upon binding of the ligand. However, the nature of this conformational change depends on the nature of the ligand. The experimental evidence shown in this work suggests that a single lysyl group can determine the hormone specificity of the MR.

Effects of chronic treatments with adrenal steroids on acid-base homeostasis in the rat

Urinary parameters related to acid base homeostasis were studied in adrenalectomized rats (ADX) as well as in ADX treated with physiological doses of corticosterone (B), aldosterone (aldo) or 18-Hydroxycorticosterone (l8HOB) during 1,3 or 5 days, under basal conditions and after gravage with 200 mM HCI. The results showed: a) a persistent effect of B and l8HOB increasing titratable acidity principally in response to acidosis; b) an increased phosphate elimination in acidotic B treated ADX on the first day, and in 18 HOB treated ADX on days 3 and 5; c) pronounced increases in blood pH and blood bicarbonate levels provoked by the three steroids on day 1; d) increments of ammonium elimination in response to acidosis by aldo treatmets on the first day, while B and l8HOB increase ammonium elimination under almost all conditions during the whole experiment; e) the effects of B and 18 HOB would be independent of an increase in sodium retention as well as glomerular filtration rate.

Effects of chronic treatments with adrenal steroids on acid-base homeostasis in the rat

Urinary parameters related to acid base homeostasis were studied in adrenalectomized rats (ADX) as well as in ADX treated with physiological doses of corticosterone (B), aldosterone (aldo) or 18-Hydroxycorticosterone (l8HOB) during 1,3 or 5 days, under basal conditions and after gravage with 200 mM HCI. The results showed: a) a persistent effect of B and l8HOB increasing titratable acidity principally in response to acidosis; b) an increased phosphate elimination in acidotic B treated ADX on the first day, and in 18 HOB treated ADX on days 3 and 5; c) pronounced increases in blood pH and blood bicarbonate levels provoked by the three steroids on day 1; d) increments of ammonium elimination in response to acidosis by aldo treatmets on the first day, while B and l8HOB increase ammonium elimination under almost all conditions during the whole experiment; e) the effects of B and 18 HOB would be independent of an increase in sodium retention as well as glomerular filtration rate. (AU)

In vitro uptake of 18-hydroxycorticosterone by regions of the central nervous system

Estudiamos la unión específica de la 18-hidroxicorticosterona (18-OH-B) a fracciones nucleares y citoplasmáticas de células provenientes de bulbo, protuberancia, amígdala, pituitaria anterior, hipotálamo, hipocampo, área preóptica y pulmón de animales adrenalectomizados, después de incubar los tejidos con el ligando radiactivo. Encontramos que 18-OH-B tiene una mayor unión específica a núcleos obtenidos de bulbo y protuberancia; este perfil difiere de observaciones previas en las que otros corticosteroide íntimamente relacionados, como la corticosterona y la aldosterona, se encuentran principalmente concentrados en el sistema límbico (AU)

In vitro uptake of 18-hydroxycorticosterone by regions of the central nervous system

Estudiamos la unión específica de la 18-hidroxicorticosterona (18-OH-B) a fracciones nucleares y citoplasmáticas de células provenientes de bulbo, protuberancia, amígdala, pituitaria anterior, hipotálamo, hipocampo, área preóptica y pulmón de animales adrenalectomizados, después de incubar los tejidos con el ligando radiactivo. Encontramos que 18-OH-B tiene una mayor unión específica a núcleos obtenidos de bulbo y protuberancia; este perfil difiere de observaciones previas en las que otros corticosteroide íntimamente relacionados, como la corticosterona y la aldosterona, se encuentran principalmente concentrados en el sistema límbico

Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of 11ß hydroxypregna 1,4 diene 3,20 dione (delta HOP) at high concentrations in RNA synthesis / 303-12

La potente inhibición de la síntesis de ARN en timocitos de rata por la 11ß -hidroxipregna-1,4-dien-3,20-diona (DeltaHOP) demostrado recientemente, cumple las tres condiciones requeridas para un efecto no-genómico: no perdurabilidad del efecto después de ser retirado el esteroide por lavado, acción instantánea y efecto en presencia de inhibidores de la síntesis de ARN. La inyección intraperitoneal de DeltaHOP en ratones (2 mg/100 gm) provoca un 32% de inhibición de la síntesis de ARN en los timocitos; queda por aclarar si esta inhibición es debida también a un efecto no-genómico

Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of 11ß hydroxypregna 1,4 diene 3,20 dione (delta HOP) at high concentrations in RNA synthesis / 303-12

La potente inhibición de la síntesis de ARN en timocitos de rata por la 11ß -hidroxipregna-1,4-dien-3,20-diona (DeltaHOP) demostrado recientemente, cumple las tres condiciones requeridas para un efecto no-genómico: no perdurabilidad del efecto después de ser retirado el esteroide por lavado, acción instantánea y efecto en presencia de inhibidores de la síntesis de ARN. La inyección intraperitoneal de DeltaHOP en ratones (2 mg/100 gm) provoca un 32% de inhibición de la síntesis de ARN en los timocitos; queda por aclarar si esta inhibición es debida también a un efecto no-genómico (AU)

Progesterone, its A/B cis reduction and delta aminolevulinic acid synthetase in the developing hen

La 5 ß reductasa (Rasa) aumenta después de la eclosión en tejidos esteroidogénicos de la gallina en desarrollo, especialmente en el ovario derecho. La sintetasa del ácido delta aminolevulínico (ALAs) es más activa en estos tejidos que en hígado durante la mayoría de los estadios embrionarios. Pero después de la eclosión sólo aumenta en forma aguda ALAs hepática y adrenal; en ovario izquierdo dicha enzima crece moderadamente y en ovario derecho desciende a valores muy bajos. Cierta relación entre las curvas de ALAs y Rasa durante el desarrollo embrionario del ovario izquierdo y la adrenal sugieren que la 5 ß pregnanediona fuera un inductor natural de la ALAs en estas glándulas endocrinas funcionantes, por lo menos durante sus estadios embrionarios

Progesterone, its A/B cis reduction and delta aminolevulinic acid synthetase in the developing hen

La 5 ß reductasa (Rasa) aumenta después de la eclosión en tejidos esteroidogénicos de la gallina en desarrollo, especialmente en el ovario derecho. La sintetasa del ácido delta aminolevulínico (ALAs) es más activa en estos tejidos que en hígado durante la mayoría de los estadios embrionarios. Pero después de la eclosión sólo aumenta en forma aguda ALAs hepática y adrenal; en ovario izquierdo dicha enzima crece moderadamente y en ovario derecho desciende a valores muy bajos. Cierta relación entre las curvas de ALAs y Rasa durante el desarrollo embrionario del ovario izquierdo y la adrenal sugieren que la 5 ß pregnanediona fuera un inductor natural de la ALAs en estas glándulas endocrinas funcionantes, por lo menos durante sus estadios embrionarios (AU)